A clear border is essential to a nation’s statehood. But borders are often disputed, creating friction that can affect security, stability, economic, and citizenship issues. These disputes can even escalate into armed conflict, as seen in numerous international wars throughout history. Whether they’re caused by resource scarcity, a locational feature, domestic politics, geopolitical competition, or cultural differences, these disputes illustrate the complexities of border governance.
The 5 most common causes of border disputes
The most obvious reason for a country to dispute its border is resources: natural, mineral, or otherwise. This can happen because a territory holds an important resource, such as oil or coal, or it may have a strategic location, such as a mountain pass. A country might also be jealous of another’s resource or position, leading to territorial claims.
Ethnic claims are also a major cause of border disputes. These claims can involve one or more ethnic groups who live on the other side of a national boundary, as well as their desire to unite with each other (irredentism). Lastly, a country might have a “synopsis” of its territory in its national constitution that could be disputed, such as the disputed islands between Bahrain and Qatar.
Despite their complexity, border disputes can be resolved through diplomatic negotiations, arbitration, or third-party mediation. While these processes can be lengthy, they are usually the best way to avoid military conflict and ensure that a border is respected. They also provide a valuable opportunity to build trust and goodwill between two states.
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