Sanctions are a fundamental instrument of international politics. They have never been used more frequently, and broader coalitions of countries have emerged to use sanctions against a larger range of targets – often to bring about political change in the targeted country or region, such as to end violent conflicts or human-rights abuses.
The different types of economic sanctions include embargoes, asset freezes or seizures, export restrictions, and travel bans. Each has its own set of benefits and costs. Embargoes, for example, are broad-brush prohibitions on all trade with a given country. These are commonly used to punish a country, to deny them an avenue to carry out objectionable policies, and ultimately to encourage a change in policy in order to lift the embargo.
Other sanctions, such as a freeze on assets or a travel ban, are more narrowly focused and can be applied to specific individuals or firms (or entire nations). They are typically imposed to punish violations of domestic and international laws by those involved or to prevent them from engaging in prohibited activities. They can also be a form of political coercion to pressure those individuals or firms to comply with international law.
The economic effects of sanctions are complex, and they can vary widely across contexts. Some have an immediate effect and others take years to take effect. The impact of a particular sanction also depends on the independence, strength, and authority of both the imposing body and the target of the sanctions. For example, sanctions against violent oppression in Guinea took a while to have an effect but did succeed in bringing about the desired political change.
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